Nigerian Gold: State-by-State Guide

Introduction:

The Nigerian gold sector stands at a critical juncture of historical rediscovery and modern industrialization. While the nation’s economic narrative has been dominated by hydrocarbons for over half a century, the metallogenic reality of the Nigerian Basement Complex suggests a gold endowment that rivals established West African producers like Ghana and Burkina Faso. This report offers a definitive, exhaustive analysis of gold occurrences across the thirty-six states and the Federal Capital Territory, synthesizing geological data, historical production records, and contemporary artisanal dynamics.

Geologically, Nigeria’s gold mineralization is structurally controlled, predominantly hosted within the N-S trending Schist Belts (Greenstone Belts) of the Pan-African Mobile Belt. These belts, particularly in the Northwest and Southwest, host high-grade quartz-vein mineralization and extensive alluvial placer deposits. The sector is currently characterized by a dichotomy: a nascent industrial sub-sector, exemplified by the Segilola Gold Project in Osun State, and a sprawling, largely informal Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) ecosystem that provides livelihoods for millions but poses significant regulatory and security challenges.

The following analysis dissects the gold landscape state by state, moving beyond mere occurrence listing to explore the interplay between geology, conflict, and policy. It highlights the “Gold-Conflict Nexus” in the Northwest, where illicit mining fuels banditry; the regulatory awakening in states like Benue and Enugu; and the untapped potential of the “silent” gold states in the North Central and South East zones. By integrating data on licensed operators, specific mineralization types, and community-level impacts, this guide serves as a foundational document for investors, policymakers, and researchers navigating the complexities of Nigerian gold.

Geopolitical Zone: North West

The North West zone is the geological cornerstone of Nigeria’s gold endowment. Encompassing the vast expanses of the Anka and Maru schist belts, this region historically underpinned the colonial gold trade and today drives the bulk of the nation’s artisanal output. The geology is characterized by high-grade quartz veins and extensive alluvial flats, making it highly attractive for both primary lode mining and secondary placer exploitation. However, the region’s mineral wealth is intimately tied to its current security crisis, creating a complex operational environment.

Zamfara State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Zamfara State is unequivocally the epicenter of gold mineralization in Northern Nigeria. The state is underlain by the Anka Schist Belt, a major NNE-SSW trending structural corridor that hosts significant gold-sulfide mineralization. The geology is dominated by low-grade metasediments, primarily phyllites, schists, and quartzites, which have been intruded by Pan-African granitoids. Gold mineralization is structurally controlled, typically occurring in discordant quartz veins and stringers within shear zones. The high-grade nature of these veins, often exceeding 10 grams per ton (g/t) in primary lodes, combined with the extensive weathering that creates rich alluvial deposits, makes Zamfara a target for high-intensity extraction.1

Mining History and Socio-Economic Impact

The history of gold in Zamfara is a narrative of boom, bust, and conflict. While artisanal mining has been a subsistence activity for decades, the early 2000s witnessed a dramatic surge in activity, driven by rising global gold prices. This “gold rush” transformed agrarian communities into mining hubs, but it came at a devastating cost. The most tragic chapter in this history was the 2010 lead poisoning outbreak, where the processing of lead-rich gold ores in residential compounds led to the deaths of over 400 children in Bagega and other villages.3 This environmental disaster highlighted the lethality of unregulated processing techniques, particularly the dry crushing of galena-rich quartz veins.

Beyond environmental health, Zamfara’s gold has become a central element in the region’s insecurity. The “gold-for-arms” trade has established a symbiotic relationship between illegal mining and rural banditry. Criminal syndicates often control mining sites or tax the miners, using the proceeds to procure advanced weaponry from cross-border smugglers. This illicit economy generates an estimated $9 billion in annual losses to the Nigerian state, with Zamfara being a primary contributor to this leakage.⁵

Operational Dynamics and Licensing

Despite the dominance of informal actors, there is a layer of formal licensing. The Mining Cadastre Office (MCO) has issued titles to several entities. For instance, Slag Global Investment holds Small Scale Mining Leases (SSML) in the Bagega and Sunke communities of Anka LGA.7 Similarly, Ohil Global Mining Company Limited operates with a valid lease in the state.8 However, these formal operations are often overshadowed by the sheer scale of artisanal activity. The federal government has periodically imposed bans on mining in Zamfara, notably in 2019, deploying military task forces to enforce cessation. These measures, while temporarily disrupting illegal flows, have struggled to permanently dismantle the entrenched illicit networks.9

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Anka LGA: The focal point of the lead-gold crisis. Communities like Bagega, Sunke, and Waru are heavily mineralized.⁷ The presence of lead-zinc sulfides alongside gold necessitates specialized processing, which remains a challenge for local miners.
• Maru LGA: This area hosts the Duki and Maraba mines, situated within the schist belts.¹ These sites are known for both alluvial workings and hard-rock vein mining.
• Bukkuyum LGA: A strategic artisanal hub. Enforcement actions here have led to the arrest of Chinese nationals and local collaborators involved in illegal extraction.¹¹
• Gummi LGA: Recognized for alluvial deposits along the drainage systems feeding into the Sokoto River.¹²
• Kaura Namoda: Historical records indicate gold occurrences, often associated with the basement complex inliers.

Strategic Analysis

Zamfara represents the highest risk-reward ratio in the Nigerian mining sector. The geological upside is immense; the Anka belt is vastly underexplored by modern methods. However, the security situation creates a nearly insurmountable barrier for large-scale, compliant capital. Any future industrialization of Zamfara’s gold will depend entirely on the restoration of state control over the hinterlands and the decoupling of the mineral trade from criminal financing.

Kebbi State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Kebbi State lies on the western flank of the North West mineralized zone, sharing the rich Zuru and Anka Schist Belt geology. The state is characterized by a mix of metasediments and older granites, with significant structural complexity that favors gold deposition. A defining feature of Kebbi’s gold potential is the Sokoto River system, which cuts through the mineralized basement, acting as a natural concentrator of alluvial gold. This hydrological factor makes Kebbi a premier destination for placer mining.13

Mining History and Modern Potential

Kebbi is often described as the “hidden gem” of the northwest.12 While it lacks the infamy of Zamfara, its production consistency is notable. Historical mining in the Yauri Emirate dates back to the colonial period, where underground lode mining was attempted. Today, the state is witnessing a resurgence. The Ngaski and Yauri areas are beehives of activity during the dry season, when river levels drop to expose gold-bearing sediments. The state government has actively sought to formalize these activities to capture revenue and reduce environmental degradation.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Yauri (Birnin Yauri): This is the flagship gold district of Kebbi. The geology features gold-bearing quartz veins hosted in hornfels and schists.¹⁴ Scientific studies on the Bin Yauri deposit have provided critical insights into the Pan-African mesothermal gold systems of the region, linking them to deep-seated crustal fluids.¹⁵
• Fakai LGA: Recent aeromagnetic and radiometric surveys have identified Fakai as a high-priority mineralization zone. The data reveals major fault lines and hydrothermal alteration zones conducive to gold emplacement.¹⁶
• Bagudo: Artisanal miners here exploit extensive alluvial plains.
• Zuru: The Zuru Schist Belt extends here, offering potential for primary vein discoveries.
• Danko/Wasagu: Verified artisanal sites are active, contributing to the state’s aggregated output.²
• Shanga & Ngaski: These riverine LGAs are critical for alluvial production, with communities heavily involved in panning activities.

Operational Dynamics

Kebbi’s sector is distinguished by its strong seasonal alluvial character. Unlike the deep pits of Niger or Osun, much of Kebbi’s gold is won from riverbeds. This presents unique regulatory challenges regarding water pollution and riverbank erosion. The state has seen fewer high-profile security incidents compared to Zamfara, making it a potentially more stable environment for exploration investment, provided community relations are managed effectively.

Kaduna State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Kaduna State sits at a geological crossroads, featuring the Basement Complex, the Younger Granites, and sedimentary cover. The gold potential is concentrated in the western part of the state, particularly within the Birnin Gwari Schist Belt. This N-S trending belt is a classic greenstone terrain, hosting shear-zone controlled gold-quartz veins. The mineralization style is similar to that of the Kushaka Schist Belt in neighboring Niger State, implying a regional continuity of the gold system.

Mining History and Strategic Importance

Kaduna has a storied mining heritage, primarily associated with gemstones and industrial minerals. However, gold has re-emerged as a strategic asset. The Birnin Gwari district is historically significant, with colonial-era mines that have been reworked by artisanal miners for decades. The state is currently positioning itself as an “emerging hotspot” for modern prospecting, attracting interest due to its accessible geology and established mining culture.12

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Birnin Gwari: The premier gold district. Localities like Tsohon Birnin Gwari and Kwaga are noted for substantial lode deposits.¹⁷ The area hosts active artisanal communities but is also a flashpoint for security issues.
• Zaria: Historical geological records link Zaria to ancient gold workings, likely associated with the basement rocks underlying the city’s environs.²
• Kagarko: Gold occurrences have been reported in the southern part of the state, often in association with other metallics.
• Jema’a: While famous for the Jagindi gemstones, gold traces in the basement rocks offer additional prospectivity.
• Igabi & Chikun: These LGAs surrounding the metropolis have seen sporadic artisanal activity, indicating widespread basement mineralization.

Operational Dynamics

Security is the paramount variable in Kaduna’s gold sector. The Birnin Gwari axis is heavily impacted by banditry, which constrains access for exploration teams and mechanization. Despite this, the resilience of the artisanal sector keeps production flowing. The state government’s efforts to register miners and form cooperatives are steps toward mitigating these risks, but the “Gold-Conflict” nexus remains a threat to full-scale industrialization.

Kano State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Kano is predominantly underlain by the Basement Complex, comprising undifferentiated granites, migmatites, and gneisses. While famous for the Younger Granite tin-columbite mineralization (Ririwe Complex), the basement rocks also host gold-bearing quartz veins and pegmatites. The structural grain of the basement in Kano allows for the localization of gold in shear zones.

Mining History and Modern Developments

Kano is traditionally a commercial and industrial hub, but mining is a growing sub-sector. The state has moved beyond the historical focus on tin to embrace gold exploration. This transition is evidenced by the issuance of mining titles to cooperatives and small-scale enterprises.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Tsanyawa: This LGA is a confirmed gold mining location. The Kanawa Miners Multi Purpose Cooperative Society Limited held a Small Scale Mining Lease (SSML) here, explicitly listing gold as the target mineral.¹⁸ This indicates a level of formalization often absent in other states.
• Sumaila: Known for a variety of solid minerals, including gold occurrences in the basement terrain.
• Tudun Wada: Geological assessments have pointed to potential gold mineralization in this southern LGA.
• Rogo: Artisanal mining activities have been reported.
• Doguwa: Situated near the border with Kaduna/Bauchi, this area shares the prospective basement geology.
• Gano (Dawakin Kudu): While some licenses target granite, the area is part of the mineralized basement suite.⁷

Operational Dynamics

Kano’s gold sector benefits from the state’s massive commercial infrastructure and population. The organized nature of cooperatives like Kanawa Miners suggests a model where community-based mining can operate within the legal framework. The security situation is generally more stable than the deep northwest, potentially allowing for easier access to sites.

Katsina State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Katsina State shares the northerly extension of the basement complex found in Kaduna and Zamfara. The geology consists of metasediments and older granites, which are receptive hosts for gold. The state represents the northern frontier of the schist belt system before it dips under the sedimentary cover of the Sokoto Basin and the sands of the desert.

Mining History and Emerging Status

Katsina is an emerging frontier. While historically overshadowed by its agricultural output, recent years have seen a spike in artisanal mining. The state government has acknowledged the presence of gold and is working to integrate the sector into its economic diversification plans.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Jibia: A border town with Niger Republic, identified as having promising gold reserves and active artisanal sites.¹
• Dutsin-Ma: Situated on the basement complex, this area hosts verified gold occurrences.¹
• Faskari: A hotspot for artisanal mining, linking geologically to the Birnin Gwari belt in neighboring Kaduna.¹
• Kankara: While globally famous for high-quality kaolin, Kankara also hosts gold mineralization.¹
• Safana: Reported to have active mining sites.
• Batsari: Artisanal miners exploit gold in this LGA, often navigating complex security dynamics.

Operational Dynamics

Mining in Katsina is predominantly artisanal. The state has experienced spillover insecurity from Zamfara, particularly in the frontline LGAs like Jibia, Batsari, and Safana. This has complicated the operational landscape, making some high-potential areas difficult to access for formal exploration.

Jigawa State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Jigawa presents a dual geological face: the northeast is covered by the Chad Formation sediments, while the southwest exposes the Basement Complex. It is this southwestern portion, comprising granites and schists, that holds the state’s solid mineral wealth.

Mining History and Investment Drive

Jigawa is aggressively pursuing a “minerals-for-development” strategy. The Jigawa State Investment & Property Development Company (JSIPDC) has taken the proactive step of acquiring exploration and quarry licenses, including for gold, to attract investors.19 This state-led de-risking is a unique approach in the Nigerian context.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Birnin Kudu: This is the geological heart of Jigawa. The Birnin Kudu Complex is a verified site for gold mineralization.¹⁹ The area’s rocky terrain exposes the mineralized basement.
• Gwaram: Exploration licenses targeting gold and base metals have been secured in this LGA.¹⁹
• Dutse: The state capital sits on basement rocks and is listed among areas with active mineral licenses.¹⁹
• Roni: Included in the portfolio of mineralized LGAs held by JSIPDC.¹⁹

Operational Dynamics

Jigawa’s sector is defined by state interventionism aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). By holding the licenses itself, the state agency simplifies the entry process for partners. Artisanal mining exists but is less intense than in the northwest, offering a potentially more orderly environment for development.

Sokoto State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Sokoto State is synonymous with the Sokoto Basin (sedimentary), known for limestone. However, the eastern and southern margins of the state expose the underlying Basement Complex, which is the host for gold.

Mining History and Growth

Sokoto is transitioning from a non-metal state to a gold producer. Recent discoveries in the basement areas have triggered artisanal rushes, placing the state on the mineral map.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Tureta: A key locality where gold mineralization has been confirmed.¹
• Binji: Listed as a gold-bearing area.¹
• Sabon Birni: Known for artisanal mining activities near the border.¹
• Illela: Another border community with identified gold mineralization.¹
• Kebbe: Reported to have gold occurrences in the southern part of the state.

Operational Dynamics

The sector is in its infancy compared to Zamfara but is growing rapidly. The focus is on the basement inliers where gold veins are accessible.

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Geopolitical Zone: North Central

The North Central zone, or Middle Belt, functions as a geological bridge between the arid north and the humid south. It hosts arguably the most diverse mineral assemblage in Nigeria. The region is characterized by the convergence of the Schist Belts (in Niger and Kwara), the Younger Granites (in Plateau), and the Benue Trough (in Nasarawa and Benue). This geological complexity gives rise to a gold sector that ranges from massive alluvial potentials in Niger State to pegmatite-hosted systems in Nasarawa.

Niger State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Niger State is a powerhouse of Nigerian gold production. Geologically, it is defined by the Kushaka and Zungeru Schist Belts. These belts are extensive and highly prospective, hosting both primary quartz-vein gold and significant alluvial deposits derived from the weathering of these veins. The drainage systems, particularly the tributaries of the Niger River, act as natural sluices, concentrating gold in riverbeds and terraces.

Mining History and “New Frontier” Status

Niger State has a mining pedigree dating back to the 1914 commencement of organized mining in Nigeria. It was a colonial hub for gold and has remained active ever since. Today, it is labeled the “New Frontier” of gold discovery due to recent finds of high-grade nuggets and massive alluvial reserves.12 The state is a primary beneficiary of the Presidential Artisanal Gold Mining Initiative (PAGMI), which aims to formalize the output of its thousands of artisanal miners.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Shiroro: This is a tier-one gold district. The area’s rugged terrain hosts extensive primary and alluvial workings. It is a known hotspot for high-grade gold but also for security challenges.² Companies like Dinero Aluvial Resources Limited have operated in communities such as Kwakwa.⁷
• Gurara: Famous for its waterfalls, the river system here is rich in alluvial gold, making it a prime location for panning.¹³
• Paiko: Another key alluvial hub.¹³
• Kagara: Historically significant for gold but infamous for the lead poisoning incidents in Shikira village, caused by unsafe processing of gold ores.³
• Minya: A historic mining site known for high-purity gold.
• Suleja: Gold occurrences are reported in the basement rocks surrounding this commercial town.
• Gurmana: Notable for its gold mineralization and intense artisanal activity.¹⁷
• Zungeru: Hosts major deposits within the schist belt structure.²

Operational Dynamics

The operational landscape in Niger State is vast and chaotic. The sheer volume of gold available supports a massive artisanal workforce. However, the state is also a theatre of conflict, with bandits frequently raiding mining communities in Shiroro and Rafi LGAs to control the resource wealth. The federal government’s PAGMI initiative attempts to capture this gold by setting up buying centers, but the informal market remains dominant.

Nasarawa State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Nasarawa, the “Home of Solid Minerals,” sits at the intersection of the Basement Complex and the Benue Trough. The gold mineralization here is distinct, often associated with pegmatites (which also host tantalite and lithium) and shear zones in the basement rocks.

Mining History and Technological Hub

Nasarawa is emerging as a center for modern mining techniques.12 The state has attracted a wave of exploration companies and is witnessing a clampdown on illegal operations to clear the way for legitimate business. The recent activities of the “Mining Marshals” in the state underscore this shift toward enforcement.22

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Wamba: A prolific mining district. The Gimba community hosts active operations with Small Scale Mining Leases.⁷
• Uke (Keffi/Karu axis): This area is a focal point for gold exploration. The geology consists of gneisses intruded by granitoids, hosting gold-rich quartz veins consistent with regional NNE/SSW trends.² Thousands of artisanal gold miners operate inside Uke, near the river.
• Nasarawa Eggon: Active exploration is ongoing in this mountainous terrain.²
• Kokona: Recently, the Mining Marshals dismantled a fortified illegal mining site in Rafin Gabas, arresting foreign nationals. This confirms the presence of high-value deposits worth protecting.²² There is also recent gold discovery at Angwan Mayo, near Garaku.
• Toto: Known for artisanal mining activities. Local miners recently discovered gold deposit at Gidan Kwano, a place previously known for lithium, beryllium, tantalite, and mica.
• Udege Odu: The Kenyang Mining Company Ltd holds titles in this locality.⁷

Operational Dynamics

Nasarawa operates a mixed economy of mining. While artisanal mining is widespread, the proximity to Abuja and the state government’s aggressive investment drive have fostered a growing semi-industrial sub-sector. The crackdown on illegal sites signals a maturing regulatory environment.

Kwara State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Kwara State acts as the geological hinge between the southwest and the north. It hosts extensions of the Egbe-Isanlu Schist Belt, which is highly prospective for gold. The terrain is characterized by metasediments intruded by Pan-African granites.

Mining History and Untapped Potential

Kwara is described as a “silent gold zone” and a “rising star”.12 It lacks the historical baggage of established mining states, offering a relatively pristine exploration environment.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Moro LGA: This is a critical gold district. The Alagbede gold deposit features gold-bearing quartz veins in metasediments overlying the basement. Odonigi is another locality in Moro recognized for abundant resources.¹
• Patigi: Located along the Niger River, this area is known for alluvial gold deposits.¹³
• Erin-Ile: Gaining attention for its gold potential.¹³
• Kaiama: A historical mining area with widespread artisanal activity.
• Baruten: Hosts gold occurrences in the basement terrain near the border with Benin Republic.
• Bishewa, Ologomo, Agboro: These localities exhibit proven gold mineralization with assays ranging between 1.1g/t to 8.3g/t, indicating economic viability.¹

Operational Dynamics

Kwara has attracted formal players. North-South Extractive Company Limited and Kursi Investments Limited hold mining leases in the state.8 The presence of high-grade veins in Moro suggests potential for primary reef mining, moving beyond simple alluvial extraction.

Kogi State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Kogi State is geologically diverse, hosting the Basement Complex in the west and the sedimentary basins in the east. Gold mineralization is concentrated in the western basement areas, particularly within the Okolom-Dogondaji schist belt.

Mining History and Status

Kogi has a deep mining history and is currently a site of active exploration. It is known for a blend of historical workings and new potential.13

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Mopa-Muro: A major gold area. The Mopa community hosts active mining leases.⁷ The geology involves gold-quartz veins similar to those in the neighboring Kabba-Bunu area.²
• Yagba East/West: These LGAs are part of the gold-bearing belt extending from Kwara. Localities like Okolom and Dogondaji have a history of extensive gold mining.¹⁷ Okolom is specifically noted for panning potential.¹³
• Lokoja: Gold occurrences are reported in the basement rocks around the state capital.²
• Omala: Localities like Olokwu and Iga-Ebije have hosted mining companies like Rock Bottom Mines.⁷
• Ajaokuta: While famous for steel, communities like Ofunene and Kporoko have reported mineral leases.⁷
• Osara: Another area with confirmed gold potential.¹³

Operational Dynamics

Kogi’s gold sector is active and partially formalized, with companies holding valid leases. The state’s strategic location at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers also supports alluvial mining logistics.

Plateau State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Plateau State is globally renowned for its Jurassic Younger Granites, which host tin and columbite. However, gold mineralization is also present, typically in the older Basement Complex rocks that serve as the host for the granites, or as an associated mineral in alluvial placers.

Mining History and Status

While tin dominates, gold is a significant secondary mineral. Recent corporate exploration has targeted gold specifically, moving beyond the tin paradigm.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Kanam: This LGA is a focus for gold exploration. The Kukawa community has hosted mining investments.⁷ PMDC Ltd is actively exploring for monazite and gold deposits here.²⁴
• Jos South: Gold is found in association with tin mining areas.
• Barkin Ladi: Known for tin, but gold is also recovered from the heavy mineral concentrates.
• Wase: Primarily known for lead-zinc, but geophysical surveys indicate zones of mineralization that may include gold associations.²⁵
• Bassa: Artisanal mining for gold occurs here.

Operational Dynamics

Gold in Plateau is often recovered as a by-product of tin mining or targeted specifically by artisanal miners. The state’s long history of mining provides a skilled, albeit aging, workforce.

Benue State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Benue State lies within the Benue Trough. While dominated by sedimentary rocks, there are significant basement inliers and mineralized hydrothermal zones that host gold.

Mining History and Recent Confirmation

Benue is a recent entrant to the list of confirmed gold states. In late 2024/2025, the state government officially confirmed the presence of gold, marking a transition from speculation to regulation.26

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Kwande LGA: This is the primary confirmed location. The Director of Solid Minerals in Benue publicly confirmed gold deposits here.²⁶ The area has seen an influx of miners, raising concerns about environmental degradation and lead poisoning risks similar to Zamfara.²⁸
• Riverine Areas: Alluvial gold has been confirmed along riverine stretches of the state.²⁶
• Gboko: Reported gold occurrences.
• Ushongo: Artisanal mining activities reported.

Operational Dynamics

The recent official confirmation has triggered a rush to regulate the sector. The state is currently setting up regulatory oversight to manage the transition from illegal/informal mining to organized exploitation, aiming to capture revenue that was previously lost to illegal actors.29

Federal Capital Territory (FCT)

Geological Context and Metallogeny

The FCT is built on the Basement Complex, consisting of granites, gneisses, and schists. This geology is favorable for gold mineralization, particularly in the rural area councils.

Mining History and Status

The FCT is an active mining jurisdiction. Artisanal mining is prevalent, and formal leases exist. Most river and stream beds in Abuja have gold deposits.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Bwari Area Council: A known mining hub. Communities like Kubwa, Gbazango, and Biyazh have active mining titles.⁷
• Abaji: Reported gold occurrences.
• Kwali: Artisanal mining activities.
• Gwagwalada: Gold mineralization reported in the area, especially within Giri, Gwako and CKC.

Operational Dynamics

Mining in the FCT is directly regulated by the federal ministry, but illegal artisanal mining persists in the satellite towns.

Geopolitical Zone: South West

The South West zone represents the most advanced gold mining jurisdiction in Nigeria. It hosts the Ilesha Schist Belt, a world-class geological feature comparable to the Ashanti Belt in Ghana. The region is home to Nigeria’s only industrial-scale gold mine, the Segilola Gold Project, which serves as a beacon for the sector’s potential.

Osun State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Osun State is the “jewel” of the Nigerian gold sector. The Ilesha Schist Belt runs through the state, hosting shear-zone hosted gold deposits. The mineralization is high-grade and extends to significant depths, supporting both open-pit and underground mining.

Mining History and Industrial Success

Osun hosts the Segilola Gold Project, operated by Thor Explorations Ltd. This project has verified reserves and is producing gold commercially, proving the viability of industrial mining in Nigeria.2 Alongside this, a massive artisanal sector operates, often in conflict with formal titles.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Ilesha: The Ilesha Goldfield is famous globally. It includes areas like Iperindo (home to Segilola) and Odo-Ijesha.¹
• Atakumosa East/West: These LGAs are the heart of the gold belt. Villages like Itagunmodi, Iagun, and Iperindo are central to mining activities. Studies in Itagunmodi have confirmed gold-bearing saprolite at shallow depths (2m), making it highly accessible for artisanal miners.³²
• Ifewara: Known for gold mineralization within the schist belt.³³
• Ola-Oluwa: Artisanal mining reported.

Operational Dynamics

Osun represents the dual nature of Nigerian mining: a world-class industrial mine operating alongside thousands of artisanal miners. The state has faced severe environmental challenges, including the heavy metal pollution of the Osun River by illegal miners, which threatens the UNESCO World Heritage Osun-Osogbo Grove.34 The government has established committees to check illegal mining and has arrested Chinese nationals involved in illicit operations.34

Oyo State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Oyo State shares the basement geology of the South West, containing extensions of the gold-bearing belts found in Osun.

Mining History and Status

Oyo is a significant mineral state with a long history of gemstone and gold mining.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Oluyole LGA: Ekefa village in Oluyole has active mining leases.⁷ The area is a known limestone and gold quarrying zone.³⁶
• Iwajowa: Known for gold occurrences.
• Atisbo: Artisanal mining reported.
• Shaki: Known for gemstones but also hosts gold potential in the basement rocks.³⁷

Operational Dynamics

Illegal mining is a significant issue in Oyo. The state government has issued stern warnings to illegal miners and revenue defaulters, threatening strict enforcement.38 The Oyo State Minerals Development Agency is actively seeking to partner with stakeholders to develop the sector formally.

Ondo State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

While Ondo is famous for bitumen, the northern parts of the state (Akoko area) fall within the basement complex and are prospective for gold.

Mining History and Status

Ondo is recognized as a gold-bearing state, particularly in the areas bordering Osun and Ekiti.1

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Ifedore LGA: The Aaye community in Ifedore hosts mining companies like Francisca Muinat Ltd.⁷
• Owo: Reported gold occurrences.
• Akoko North/South: Located in the basement terrain, known for artisanal activity.
• Idanre: Mineralization reported in the hilly terrain.

Operational Dynamics

Mining is active, with leases indicating formal interest.

Ekiti State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Ekiti State is entirely underlain by the Basement Complex. The Ijero-Ekiti area is famous for pegmatites hosting tin, tantalite, and gold.

Mining History and Status

Ekiti has seen a revival of pre-colonial sites and is actively promoting its solid mineral potential.2

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Ikere LGA: The Ikere community hosts mining operations like Kopek Construction.⁷
• Ijero-Ekiti: A historic mining center known for the revival of old sites.
• Aramoko: Reported gold occurrences.

Operational Dynamics

The state is actively promoting investment in the sector.

Ogun State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Ogun acts as a transition zone between the Dahomey Basin and the Basement Complex. Gold is found in the northern basement areas.

Mining History and Status

Ogun is a major industrial hub dominated by limestone mining, but gold is present in specific localities.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Ewekoro: While famous for cement, communities like Onigbedu have reported mining activities.⁷
• Ijebu-Igbo: Known for alluvial gold deposits.²
• Imeko: Hosts alluvial gold occurrences.²
• Abeokuta North: Gold mineralization in the basement rocks.

Operational Dynamics

Gold mining is largely artisanal, focused on alluvial deposits in the north.

Lagos State

Status: Lagos is the commercial center with sedimentary geology (Dahomey Basin). It does not have significant confirmed gold deposits and is not considered a gold mining state.

Geopolitical Zone: North East

The North East is geologically diverse but severely impacted by insurgency. However, states like Bauchi and Adamawa have significant proven potential that remains largely under-exploited due to security risks.

Bauchi State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Bauchi is a mineral-rich state featuring the Basement Complex and Younger Granites. Gold is found in the basement rocks and alluvial channels.

Mining History and Status

Bauchi is a known gold producer with ongoing artisanal activity and recent discoveries.1

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Toro LGA: A major mining center. Rishi village has hosted companies like Can Long Mining Nigeria Ltd.⁷
• Bauchi LGA: Miri village is a confirmed location with mining leases.⁷
• Alkaleri: Known for gold discovery and artisanal mining.¹
• Tafawa Balewa: Gold discovered in the basement complex zones.¹
• Kirfi: Kirfi vein deposits are documented gold occurrences.³⁹

Operational Dynamics

Mining is active but often artisanal. The state is relatively safer than the far northeast, allowing for some level of formal exploration.

Adamawa State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Adamawa has extensive basement complex exposures, particularly in the mountain ranges bordering Cameroon.

Mining History and Status

Adamawa is listed as a gold-bearing state.1

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Ganye: Known for mineral deposits in the basement rocks.
• Toungo: Located in the southern tip, known for mineralization.
• Michika: Northern Adamawa, basement terrain with potential.
• Mubi: Artisanal mining reported.

Operational Dynamics

Insurgency in the northern parts has restricted access, but the southern parts remain prospective.

Taraba State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Taraba’s geology is dominated by the Basement Complex and the Mambilla Plateau. The terrain is highly prospective for gemstones and gold.

Mining History and Illegal Mining Crisis

Taraba is a significant site for illegal mining. In a major enforcement operation, about 3,500 illegal miners were arrested in the Dogon Yatsu forest in Bali LGA. These miners included nationals from Mali, Senegal, and Chad.40

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Bali LGA: The Dogon Yatsu forest is a notorious site for illegal mining.⁴⁰
• Gashaka: Located on the Mambilla Plateau, gold has been mined here for over a century.¹³
• Sardauna: Mambilla Plateau area, rich in gold and other minerals.

Operational Dynamics

The state faces a crisis of illegal mining involving foreign nationals. The terrain is difficult to police, making it a haven for illicit extraction.

Gombe State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Gombe lies in the Benue Trough but has basement exposures.

Mining History and Status

Gombe is listed as a state with gold occurrences.41 The NSCDC has arrested suspected illegal miners in the state, indicating active exploitation.42

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Akko: Reported gold potential.
• Yamaltu/Deba: Artisanal mining activities.
• Funakaye: Blessed with minerals including gold.⁴³

Operational Dynamics

Mining is a mix of industrial (limestone/coal) and artisanal (gemstones/gold).

Borno State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Borno is dominated by the Chad Basin, but the southern parts (Gwoza, Biu) have basement rocks.

Mining History and Insurgency

Insurgency has halted most formal mining. However, reports suggest that insurgent groups (Boko Haram) have exploited mineral resources, including gold, in the border regions to fund their operations.44

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Gwoza: The Mandara Mountains are known to host minerals.⁴⁴
• Bama: Gold deposits reported in the area.⁴⁴
• Kaga: Gold deposits reported.⁴⁴
• Shani: Located in the south, basement geology supports mineralization.

Operational Dynamics

The sector is heavily impacted by insurgency. Mining is largely illicit and dangerous.

Yobe State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Yobe is largely sedimentary (Chad Basin) but has basement exposures in the south.

Mining History and Status

Yobe is known for gypsum, zinc, marble and many other minerals listed among its resources.45. Although there is no reported cases of gold occurrences, artisanal miners insist they saw traces of gold.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Fika: Known for mineral deposits.
• Gujba: Southern Yobe, basement terrain.

Operational Dynamics

Security is the major constraint.

Geopolitical Zone: South East

The South East is often associated with coal and limestone, but recent surveys have revealed gold potential in the basement inliers and transition zones.

Ebonyi State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Ebonyi sits on the Benue Trough but has significant lead-zinc and salt deposits. Gold is also present, particularly in the basement rocks associated with the lead-zinc lodes.

Mining History and Status

Ebonyi is a “promising” gold state with emerging deposits.13

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Izzi LGA: Ndiezechi community and Olua village have active mining leases.⁷
• Ikwo: Emerging gold deposits identified.¹³
• Ishielu: Listed as a location for gold mining.¹³
• Onicha: Ukwau Autonomous community has active leases.⁷
• Ohaozara: Ugwuchime community is a mining site.⁷

Operational Dynamics

Ebonyi is active in solid minerals. The presence of multiple leases indicates a formalized sector.

Abia State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Abia is in the Niger Delta basin but has older formations in the north.

Mining History and Status

The Abia government has officially listed gold among the 17 minerals to be explored in the state.46

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Umunneochi: Located in the northern part with basement exposure potential.
• Isukwuato: Listed as a mineral-rich area.⁴⁶

Operational Dynamics

The state is in the early stages of promoting its solid mineral potential.

Enugu State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Enugu is the “Coal City,” but gold is present in the basement areas bordering Benue and Kogi.

Mining History and Status

The state government has recently launched a crackdown on illegal mining. Sites have been sealed, and a committee has been set up to review mining activities.47

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Udi: The Awhum community has been a site of mining disputes and government intervention regarding illegal coal and mineral extraction.⁴⁹
• Nkanu East: Reported gold occurrences.

Operational Dynamics

Strict enforcement against illegal mining is the current trend, with the government demanding environmental compliance and proper licensing.

Imo State

Status: Known for oil and gas. Gold occurrences are not widely reported.

Anambra State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Anambra is largely sedimentary.

Mining History and Status

Early-stage exploration has been reported.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Aguleri: Early-stage exploration in the Anambra Basin.²

Operational Dynamics

Minimal gold mining activity.

Geopolitical Zone: South South

Traditionally the oil belt, the South South has gold potential in the northern parts of Edo and Cross River which extend into the basement complex.

Edo State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Northern Edo (Akoko-Edo) is part of the basement complex and is rich in solid minerals.

Mining History and Status

Edo is a verified gold-bearing state.2

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Akoko-Edo: A major solid mineral hub. Communities like Dagbala, Ososo (Egbetua), and Atte are known for gold.¹
• Igarra: Alluvial deposits confirmed.²
• Okpekpe: Verified by NGSA for gold.²
• Ikpeshi: Hosted mining leases.⁷

Operational Dynamics

Active artisanal and small-scale mining. The area is geologically continuous with the Kogi/Ondo gold districts.

Cross River State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Cross River has the Oban Massif, a basement structure with high mineral potential.

Mining History and Status

Emerging traces of gold have been found.

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Akamkpa: Old Netim community has active mining leases.⁷ Emerging traces in the Ikom Basin.²
• Biase: Reported gold occurrences.
• Oban: The Oban Hills are a prime target for gold exploration.

Operational Dynamics

The state is exploring its solid mineral potential to diversify from forestry and tourism.

Akwa Ibom State

Geological Context and Metallogeny

Akwa Ibom is deeply within the Niger Delta sedimentary basin. However, recent events have highlighted illegal mining activities often targeting heavy mineral sands (titanium, ilmenite) which can be associated with gold traces.

Mining History and Illegal Operations

The EFCC recently arrested five Chinese nationals for illegal mining activities in the state.50 Additionally, the state government closed down an illegal mining company operated by Chinese nationals for lacking authorization.51

Key Localities and Occurrences

• Ibiono Ibom: The EFCC arrests occurred at Ndito-Eka-Iba village.⁵⁰
• Ibeno: The illegal Chinese company was operating in the Ibeno community.⁵¹

Operational Dynamics

While not a primary gold state, the presence of illegal foreign miners indicates that valuable minerals are being targeted.

Bayelsa, Delta, Rivers

Status: These states are deeply sedimentary. No significant gold mining activity is reported.

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Analysis of Trends and Insights

1. Structural Control and the “Schist Belt” Factor

The data unequivocally confirms that Nigeria’s gold endowment is strictly controlled by the geological placement of the Schist Belts (Greenstone Belts). The states with the highest potential and activity (Zamfara, Niger, Osun, Kebbi, Kaduna) all lie along the N-S trending schist belts. This geological continuity suggests that political boundaries are arbitrary to mineralization; for instance, the goldfield of Ilesha (Osun) is geologically linked to the deposits in Ekiti and Ondo. This implies that exploration strategies should be regional (belt-based) rather than state-based.

2. The “Gold-Conflict” Nexus

A disturbing trend is the correlation between high-grade gold deposits and insecurity. Zamfara, Kaduna, and Niger states—the “gold triad”—are also the epicenters of banditry. The “gold for arms” economy ⁵ suggests that illegal mining is not just an economic crime but a national security threat. The inability to police remote mining sites has allowed criminal syndicates to capture the resource rent, using it to fund insurgency. This creates a feedback loop: insecurity drives away formal investors, leaving the field open for illegal miners who fund insecurity.

3. The Shift from “Rumor” to Regulation

There is a clear trend of states moving to verify and regulate their resources. Benue State’s recent official confirmation of gold ²⁶ and Enugu State’s aggressive sealing of illegal mines ⁴⁷ demonstrate a shift from passive resource ownership to active regulatory enforcement. States are increasingly realizing that without formal control, they lose revenue to illegal actors and suffer environmental liabilities.

4. The Rise of Industrial Mining

The success of the Segilola Gold Project in Osun State ² is a watershed moment. It serves as a proof of concept that Nigerian gold deposits can support large-scale, mechanized mining. This has likely spurred the recent interest in states like Jigawa and Nasarawa to attract foreign investment. The transition from purely artisanal to industrial mining is slow but discernible.

5. Continuous Discoveries and the Expanding Gold Frontier

A striking trend emerging from field reports, academic surveys, and artisanal activities is the daily discovery of new gold occurrences across Nigeria. From unexpected finds in river gravels to fresh quartz-vein exposures revealed during construction and farming activities, the evidence indicates that Nigeria’s gold wealth remains vastly underexplored. Many states previously considered “non-gold zones” are now reporting verified mineralization, proving that the country’s geological potential is far from exhausted.

This underscores a national opportunity: systematic exploration supported by modern tools such as gold detectors, geochemical mapping, and geophysical surveys, has the potential to unlock significant new deposits. Governments, landowners, private investors, and mining cooperatives should take these emerging trends seriously. Strategic investment in grassroots exploration, including preliminary land checks with gold detectors, could lead to major discoveries that reshape the national mining landscape. Nigeria’s gold frontier is expanding, and early movers stand to capture immense value before full-scale industrialization takes hold.

Conclusion

Nigeria’s gold wealth is not a myth; it is a geological reality distributed across more than 20 states, with the highest concentrations in the North West, North Central, and South West. The “Nigerian Gold: State-by-State Guide” reveals a sector in transition. While Zamfara, Niger, Kaduna, and Osun remain the heavyweights, emerging frontiers in Nasarawa, Edo, Kwara, and Benue offer significant upside.

However, the sector is hamstrung by the twin challenges of insecurity and illegality. The future of Nigerian gold depends on breaking the link between mining and conflict, formalizing the artisanal workforce through initiatives like PAGMI, and encouraging more industrial success stories like Segilola. For investors and policymakers, the data suggests that while the risks are real, the geological reward is mind-blowing and largely untapped.

Summary Data Table: Key Gold States & Localities

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